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Where is the threshold beyond which the use of force by law enforcement officers becomes unlawful violence?

This contribution seeks to answer this question by outlining the legal constraints imposed by international and national regulations and assessing how effectively these constraints operate in real-life situations, where it is the officer, with their individual subjectivity and the expectations placed upon them, who must make split-second decisions on how to act.

The aim is to highlight the importance of moving beyond the “bad apple” theory and adopting institutional programs to prevent the excessive use of force.

This contribution is published in Italian in Rassegna dell’Arma dei Carabinieri, No. 3, 2024. The full issue can be downloaded here.